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List of Figures

  1. Three morphologic classes of bacteria.
  2. Bacterial survival curve.
  3. Bacteriophage
  4. The structural elements of a virus
  5. The phospholipid bilayer.
  6. Simple diffusion.
  7. Facilitated diffusion.
  8. Active transport.
  9. Exocytosis and endocytosis.
  10. Flow of water through a semipermeable membrane
  11. Flow into and out of a cell
  12. Major types of cell junctions
  13. The endoplasmic system including the Golgi apparatus.
  14. Mitochondria.
  15. Cross-section of sperm flagella: the 9+2 structure.
  16. Mitosis: Prophase.
  17. Mitosis: Prometaphase.
  18. Mitosis: Metaphase.
  19. Mitosis: Anaphase.
  20. Mitosis: Telophase.
  21. Mitosis: Cytokinesis.
  22. Meiosis I: Prophase
  23. Meiosis I: Metaphase.
  24. Meiosis I: Anaphase
  25. Meiosis I: Telophase.
  26. Meiosis I: Cytokinesis.
  27. Meiosis II: Prophase.
  28. Meiosis II: Metaphase
  29. Meiosis II: Anaphase
  30. Meiosis II: Telophase.
  31. Meiosis II: Cytokinesis.
  32. Monohybrid cross.
  33. F$_{1}$ and F$_{2}$ cross.
  34. Test cross.
  35. The general structure of steroids.
  36. X-linked transmission
  37. Independent assortment of genes.
  38. Crossing over.
  39. Evolutionary trends.
  40. Nucleotide bonding.
  41. Meselson-Stahl experiment.
  42. DNA replication.
  43. DNA repair.
  44. Sticky ends.
  45. Codons in DNA, mRNA, tRNA and amino acids.
  46. RNA splicing.
  47. The ribosome.
  48. mRNA translation.
  49. Secondary protein structures.
  50. Quaternary protein structure
  51. Protein point mutations.
  52. The Electron Transport Chain.
  53. $\Delta $G changes in a reaction with and without an enzyme
  54. The Induced fit hypothysis hypothesis
  55. Oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin.
  56. Oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve
  57. The heart.
  58. The QRS complex
  59. Fetal shunts
  60. Inhalation
  61. Expiration
  62. Lung volumes and capacities.
  63. The nephron.
  64. The neuron.
  65. The synapse.
  66. The spinal cord cross section.
  67. The Ear.
  68. The Eye.
  69. Female reproductive anatomy
  70. Male reproductive anatomy
  71. Sarcomere microanatomy
  72. The thin filament.
  73. The sliding filament model.
  74. Osteons (Haversian systems): the functional unit of bone.
  75. Simple epithelium: Squaomous, cuboidal and columnar.
  76. Antibodies: Immunoglogluin G (IgG).
  77. Convention for depicting atomic mass $(A)$ and atomic number $(Z)$.
  78. Comparison of $Z_{eff}$ for a small atom and a large atom.
  79. The Bohr model.
  80. Application of Hund's rule
  81. The Aufbau principle.
  82. $s$, $p$, $d$ and $f$ orbital distribution on the periodic table.
  83. Orbital geometries of $s$ and $p$ orbitals.
  84. Periodic table: Nine main groups of elements.
  85. Extended periodic table.
  86. Periodic table: The representative elements.
  87. Periodic table: Trend of atomic numbers.
  88. Periodic table: Trend of ionization energies.
  89. Periodic table: Trend of electron affinity.
  90. Periodic table: Trend of electronegativities.
  91. Periodic table: Trend of atomic radii.
  92. The Ionic Bond: NaCl.
  93. The Covalent Bond: O$_{2}$
  94. Single, double and covalent triple bonds.
  95. $\sigma $- and $\pi $-bonds.
  96. Five key bond arrangements
  97. VSEPR: Lewis dot structures for CH$_{4}$ and H$_{2}$O.
  98. VSEPR: lone pairs of electrons for CH$_{4}$ and H$_{2}$O.
  99. VSEPR: most stable arrangement for CH$_{4}$ and H$_{2}$O.
  100. Resonance structures of ozone (O$_{3}$).
  101. $e^{-}$ charge distribution in HF.
  102. $e^{-}$ charge distribution in H$_{2}$O.
  103. Hydrogen bonding in water.
  104. Glycine.
  105. Titration curve.
  106. The Electrolytic Cell.
  107. The Galvanic Cell.
  108. Boyle's Law.
  109. Charles' Law.
  110. Avogadro's Law.
  111. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.
  112. $e^{-}$ charge distribution in acetone.
  113. Hydrogen bonding in water.
  114. Phase diagram
  115. Osmotic equilibration
  116. $\Delta $G changes in a reaction with and without an enzyme
  117. Tetrahedral, triangular planar, linear bond geometries.
  118. Selected molecular geometries.
  119. Selected electron dot structures.
  120. Resonance structures of H$_{2}$O.
  121. Cis-/trans- alkenes.
  122. Nomenclature of enantiomers: Assigning priority.
  123. Nomenclature of enantiomers: Directing the lowest priority away.
  124. Nomenclature of enantiomers: Determining R (left) or S (right) designation.
  125. Relative stabilities of carbocations.
  126. $S_{N}1$ reaction: Step 1.
  127. $S_{N}1$ reaction: Step 2.
  128. $S_{N}1$ reaction: Step 3.
  129. Trigonal planar stereochemistry of carbocations.
  130. Favorable substrates for an $S_{N}2$ reaction.
  131. $S_{N}2$ reaction.
  132. Inversion of stereochemistry in $S_{N}2$ reactions.
  133. $E1$ reaction.
  134. $E2$ reaction.
  135. An alkane.
  136. Examples of branched alkanes.
  137. Examples of cycloalkanes.
  138. Relative stabilities of free radicals.
  139. An alkene.
  140. Alkenes.
  141. An alkyne.
  142. Examples of alkynes.
  143. An alcohol
  144. Propan-1-ol.
  145. Ethane-1,2-diol
  146. 1$^{o}$, 2$^{o}$, and 3$^{o}$ alcohols
  147. Oxidation of a 1$^{o}$ alcohol.
  148. 2$^{o}$/3$^{o}$ alcohols in $S_{N}1$ reactions.
  149. 1$^{o}$ alcohols and the formation in alkyl halides: an $S_{N}2$ reaction.
  150. 1$^{o}$ or 2$^{o}$ alcohol reactions with PBr$_{3}$.
  151. 1$^{o}$ or 2$^{o}$ alcohol reactions with SOCl$_{2}$.
  152. Alcohols and mesylate/tosylate preparation.
  153. Fischer Esterification.
  154. Alcohol dehydration.
  155. Oxidation of alcohols.
  156. Reduction of alcohols.
  157. Reduction of organic molecules.
  158. Pinacol rearrangement
  159. Benzene.
  160. Common benzene derivatives.
  161. Common benzene derivatives (cont'd).
  162. Relative positions of substituents on benzene rings.
  163. Benzene reactions: Halogenation.
  164. Benzene reactions: Nitration.
  165. Benzene reactions: Sulfonation.
  166. Friedel-Crafts acylation: Addition of the acyl group to benzene and the formation of a halide acid.
  167. Aldehydes.
  168. Ketone.
  169. Aldehydes.
  170. Ketones.
  171. The acidity of hydrogens in aldehydes and ketones.
  172. Role of the electron-withdrawing carbonyl in $\alpha $-hydrogen acidity.
  173. Role of electron-withdrawing carbonyl in $\alpha $-hydrogen acidity.
  174. Aldehyde synthesis: oxidation of a 1$^{o}$ alcohol.
  175. Ketone synthesis: oxidation of a 2$^{o}$ alcohol.
  176. Ozonolysis of alkenes.
  177. Friedel-Crafts acylation.
  178. Hemiacetal and acetal formation.
  179. Imines and enamines.
  180. Keto-enol tautomerism.
  181. Aldol addition.
  182. Aldol condensation.
  183. Haloform reactions.
  184. Aldehyde oxidation.
  185. Wittig reaction.
  186. Claisen condensation.
  187. Wolff-Kishner reduction.
  188. Ether
  189. Epoxide.
  190. Ester
  191. (left) Methoxyethane, $CH_{3}CH_{2}$-$O$-$CH_{3}$; (right) 2-methoxybutane.
  192. Williamson ether synthesis.
  193. Esters
  194. Ester synthesis through esterification.
  195. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters.
  196. Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters: Saponification.
  197. Keto acids.
  198. Keto esters.
  199. Decarboxylation of keto acids.
  200. Claisen condensation.
  201. Acidity of $\alpha $-hydrogen in keto esters: The $\alpha $-hydrogen has a p $K_{a} \approx 10$.
  202. Keto-enol tautomerism.
  203. Carboxylic acids.
  204. Examples of carboxylic acids.
  205. Inductive effects in carboxylic acids.
  206. Hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids.
  207. Resonance in carboxylic acids.
  208. Oxidation to synthesize carboxylic acids.
  209. Hyrdolysis of nitriles to synthesize carboxylic acids.
  210. Carbonation of Grignard reagents to synthesize carboxylic acids.
  211. Nucleophilic attack and elimination at the carboxylic acid carbonyl.
  212. Reduction of carboxylic acids with LAH.
  213. Fischer esterification
  214. Carboxylic acid halogenation.
  215. Acyl chloride.
  216. Acyl anhydrides.
  217. Esters.
  218. Amides
  219. Relative reactivities of acyl compounds.
  220. Examples of acyl chlorides
  221. Examples of anhydrides
  222. Examples of esters
  223. Examples of amides
  224. Relative reactivities of acyl compounds.
  225. Acyl chloride synthesis.
  226. Acyl anhydride synthesis.
  227. Ester synthesis
  228. Amide synthesis.
  229. Transesterification.
  230. Saponification.
  231. Hydrolysis of amides.
  232. Hofmann degradation of amides.
  233. Amines.
  234. Amine nomenclature and the number of alkane chains.
  235. Amine nomenclature and using the amino prefix.
  236. Amine stereochemistry and hybridization.
  237. Amine enantiomers.
  238. Hofmann degradation.
  239. Hofmann elimination.
  240. Primary amine synthesis: Gabriel synthesis.
  241. Reduction of nitro compounds.
  242. Amine synthesis from reductive animation.
  243. Nitriles, oximes and amides reduction to form 1$^{o}$ and 3$^{o}$ amines.
  244. Primary amine reaction with nitrous acid.
  245. Primary arylamine reaction with nitrous acid.
  246. Secondary amine reaction with nitrous acid.
  247. Alkylation of amines: nucleophilic aubstitution.
  248. An amino acid.
  249. Glycine.
  250. $L$-configuration of amino acids.
  251. Amino acid projections.
  252. The basic and acidic functional groups on amino acids.
  253. Peptide linkage.
  254. Aldoses and ketoses.
  255. Common monosaccharides.
  256. $D$ and $L$ designations for monosaccharides.
  257. Stereocenter orientation.
  258. Epimers.
  259. Anomers.
  260. Acetals (glycosides).
  261. The product of glycoside hydrolysis
  262. The general structure of a steroid.
  263. Retinol (vitamin A).
  264. Triacylglycerols.
  265. Triacylglycerols
  266. Products of triacylglycerol hydrolysis.
  267. Saturated (top) vs. unsaturated fats (bottom).
  268. An alkyl phosphate.
  269. Addition to alkyl phosphates to make di- and trialkyl phosphates.
  270. Ester and anhydride linkages
  271. Wittig reaction.
  272. NMR $^{1}$H of ethanol.
  273. The Inclined Plane.
  274. Work done by gravity
  275. Absence of work done by gravity on the orbiting moon
  276. Flow in a vessel
  277. Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: Wings and Sailboats.
  278. Electric field lines:
  279. Graphical relationship between voltage and distance between the potential
  280. Equipotential lines
  281. Dipole moment and $e^{-}$ charge distribution in HF.
  282. Magnet with magnetic field lines.
  283. Right-hand rule
  284. Schematic symbol for a battery.
  285. Direct current vs. Alternating Current
  286. Schematic symbol for a resistor.
  287. Resistors in series.
  288. Resistors in parallel.
  289. Schematic symbol for a capacitor.
  290. Capacitors in series.
  291. Capacitors in parallel.
  292. The electromagnetic spectrum
  293. Young's double-slit experiment.
  294. Single slit diffraction model
  295. The law of reflection.
  296. Real vs. virtual images
  297. Refraction.
  298. Key components of spherical mirrors.
  299. Converging and diverging lenses
  300. Comparison of phase among waves.
  301. Sinusoidal characteristic of simple harmonic motion.
  302. Total energy in simple harmonic oscillators
  303. Waves
  304. The fundamental frequency.
  305. Harmonic frequencies.
  306. Sound transmission in a tube open at one end and a tube open at both ends
  307. Exponential decay

Alfa Diallo 2006-08-04