Key Principles

How are carbocations in amines stabilized?

Electron delocalization.

What are two differences between amides and amines?

Table 52.3: Two key differences between amides and amines.

	Amides	Amines
pH	Less basic	More basic
e$^{-}$ withdrawing effects	Greater	Less
	(from carbonyl oxygen)

Note: the decreased pH of amides is a result of the greater withdrawing effects from the amideÕs carbonyl oxygen.

What are five biologically active amines?

Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, amphetamine and morphine.